Did you warm it up before you started "ripping through the gears?" Did it only make the sound when you were accelerating??
I'd probably start with pulling the head off and looking at the piston crown to inspect for damage. If crown is damaged, you have to determine if it's detonation, or parts of a bearing being hammered. If it is detonation, you may have an air leak, too lean of jetting or really bad gas. If it's a bearing, well, lots of work will be needed.
If no visible damage to crown, pull jug off and inspect piston, cylinder, rings, top rod bearing, see if crank rotates smoothly, check lower end bearings and rod bearing.
And Indy is right, I'm guessing, but guessing in a somewhat logical progression (to me, anyway).