If you could ride for 15 minutes with the gas shut off then I submit that your fuel valve isn't working very well!
I have forgotten to turn the gas on a number of times and had the bike die with no damage. There is a significant difference between our situations, however.
When I forget to the gas on it is because I turned the gas off, which generally means that the bike had been not running for a while. This, in turn, means that the engine is NOT hot when I start it back up and it generally doesn't have time to get hot before I run out. Since I am normally just outside of camp (generally still in view of those who will heckle me later) I haven't even opened it up to get it warm.
In your case, you rode for 15 minutes, including climbing a hill that was causing you difficulty. This sounds like it could be a hot engine situation.
What's more, is that there is no way the carburetor bowl held enough gas for 15 minutes of riding. The petcock had to be leaking, which means that it didn't just run out, it ran lean before it finally died. This could be a worst case scenario.
If something doesn't feel the same, I would recommend freshening up the top end. If there is no damage then you are looking at a few hours of work, a set of rings and gaskets.
If you continue to ride it and the top end seizes you could be looking at a lot more $$$
Rod